Sources

Where every claim comes from

Sources for both inquiries are grouped by type, from primary texts and classroom research to books, policy guidance, and the evidence behind student testimony. Only two numbers used anywhere on this site are measured values, and both come from the Freeman meta-analysis. Everything else is argument, and is labelled as such.

Primary text

Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Freire, P., 1968 / 1970
Source of the banking concept, problem-posing education, conscientização, and the warning against false generosity.
Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Freire, P., 1992
Freire's later reflection on and defence of Pedagogy of the Oppressed.
Pedagogy of Freedom: Ethics, Democracy, and Civic Courage
Freire, P., 1996
Freire's later work on autonomy, ethics, democracy, and the responsibilities of teaching.
Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom
hooks, b., 1994
Engaged pedagogy; the critique and defence of Freire.
Democracy and Education
Dewey, J., 1916
Full text in the public domain via Project Gutenberg.
Selections from the Prison Notebooks
Gramsci, A., 1929–1935
Hegemony, organic intellectuals, and the defence of a demanding curriculum.
Education After Auschwitz
Adorno, T., 1966
Radio lecture; the minimal demand placed on education.
The Adventures of Telemachus (Les Aventures de Télémaque)
Fénelon, 1699
The bilingual edition used in the Jacotot episode discussed in The Ignorant Schoolmaster.

Peer-reviewed research

Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics
Freeman, S., et al., 2014
Meta-analysis of 225 studies. Source of the two verified figures used in this inquiry: +0.47 SD on examinations and failure rates of 34% (lecturing) versus 22% (active learning).
Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work
Kirschner, P., Sweller, J. & Clark, R., 2006
The cognitive-load counterargument presented in the counterargument section.
Why doesn't this feel empowering? Working through the repressive myths of critical pedagogy
Ellsworth, E., 1989
Harvard Educational Review. The internal feminist critique of dialogue.

Classroom research

Life in Classrooms
Jackson, P., 1968
Origin of the term hidden curriculum.
Analyzing Teaching Behavior
Flanders, N., 1970
Interaction analysis and the two-thirds rule used in the classroom talk figure. The figure presents this as a documented pattern from observation research, not as a measurement of any specific classroom.

Scholarly book

The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation
Rancière, J., 1987
The Jacotot story and the presupposition of equal intelligence.
Ideology and Curriculum
Apple, M., 1979
Official knowledge, textbook markets, and testing regimes.
Good Education in an Age of Measurement
Biesta, G., 2010
Qualification, socialisation, subjectification; the normative drift of measurement.
Theory and Resistance in Education
Giroux, H., 1983
Schools as contested terrain; resistance as distorted critique.